Kamell on Grace and Imitatio Dei in James

I have added the following article to the James Bibliography and Recent James Scholarship pages.

Kamell, Mariam J. 2009. “The Nature of Eternal Security in James: Divine Grace Pairs with the Imitatio Dei.” Paper in the current open online volume 2 of Testamentum Imperium, 28 pages.

The pdf article is available online here.

Mariam and I are very much on the same page regarding the overall message in James. While it is so easy to focus on the commands in the letter and the believer’s responsibility to have faith with works, Mariam recognizes the crucial message in James that such a living faith ultimately comes from the grace of God through his word. It also includes the extravagant mercy of God that triumphs over judgment. Thus, James conveys a theology that spans election through eternity, and this perspective is foundational to understanding the imperatives in the letter.

It’s good stuff to think about at Easter. While the moral obligation in James is hopeless for humanity, everything is possible with God. It reminds me of a quote I saw entering the library the other day: “Do not abandon yourselves to despair. We are the Easter people and hallelujah is our song.” –Pope John Paul II

Thank you Mariam, and congratulations on nearing the completion of your program at St Andrews! We look forward to much more good stuff from you.

40 Titles on James Added

I have added about 40 more titles to the Recent James Scholarship page. They are in chronological order there, so I list them below in alphabetical order. A few of the titles are not entirely related to James, but they do touch on James.

Andria, Solomon. 2006. “James.” Pages 1509-16 in Africa Bible Commentary. Ed. By Tokunboh Adeyemo. Nairobi: Word Alive Publishers.

Bond, Helen K. 2002. “Book Review: James the Just.” Expository Times 113: 278.

Bottini, Claudio. 1998. “Letter of James (1): Content and the Theological Message of the Letter of James.” Essay prepared by the faculty of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem.

Bottini, Claudio. 1998. “Letter of James (2): The Moral Message of the Letter of James.” Essay prepared by the faculty of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem.

Bottini, Claudio. 1998. “Letter of James (3): Confession of Sins and Intercession (I).” Essay prepared by the faculty of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem.

Bottini, Claudio. 1998. “Letter of James (4): Confession of Sins and Intercession (II).” Essay prepared by the faculty of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem.

Bowman, Christopher. 2000. “Review of Patrick J. Hartin’s A Spirituality of Perfection: Faith in Action in the Letter of James.” Review of Biblical Literature.

Byron, Gay L. 2007. “James.” In True to Our Native Land: An African American New Testament Commentary. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 461-75.

Cargal, Timothy B. 1999. “James.” In Full Life Bible Commentary to the New Testament, 1401-29. Ed. by French L. Arrington and Roger Stronstad. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.

Catchpole, David. 1991. “Book Review: The Enigma of James.” Expository Times 103: 26.

Cranfield, C. E. B. 1990. “Book Review: James.” Expository Times 102: 23.

Davids, Peter H. 2000. “Review of Todd C. Penner’s The Epistle of James and Eschatology: Re-reading an Ancient Christian Letter.” Review of Biblical Literature.

Deppe, Dean B. 1990. The Sayings of Jesus in the Paraenesis of James: A PDF Revision of the Doctoral Dissertation The Sayings of Jesus in the Epistle of James.

Eve, Eric. 2005. “Book Review: James and Jude.” Expository Times 117: 35.

Felder, Cain Hope. 1982. “Wisdom, Law and Social Concern in the Epistle of James.” Ph.D. dissertation, Union Theological Seminary, New York.

Felder, Cain Hope. 1998. “James.” In A Catholic and Ecumenical Commentary for the Twenty-First Century, ed. by William R. Farmer, 1786-1801. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.

Foster, Paul. 2006. “Book Review: Studies on James.” Expository Times 117: 481.

Green, Joel B. 2002. “Review of Matt A. Jackson-McCabe’s Logos and Law in the Letter of James: The Law of Nature, the Law of Moses and the Law of Freedom.” Review of Biblical Literature.

Hagner, Donald A. 2008. “A Response to John P. Meier’s ‘Did the Historical Jesus Prohibit All Oaths?” Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 6: 25-32.

Hill, David. 1981. “Book review of S. Laws, A Commentary on the Epistle of James.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 13: 123-26.

Hockman, David. 2006. “Sanctification Day by Day.” Paper presented at the Conference on Baptist Fundamentalism. Watertown, WI: Maranatha Baptist Bible College.

Horbury, William. 1977. “Book Review: James.” Expository Times 89: 88.

Johnson, David Keith. 1971. “James’ Use of the Old Testament.” Th.D. dissertation, Dallas Theological Seminary.

Gwilliam, G. H. 1893. “Mayor’s ‘Epistle of St. James’.” Expository Times 4: 345.

Klawans, Jonathan. 2008. “The Prohibition of Oaths and Contra-scriptural Halakhot: A Response to John P. Meier.” Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 6: 33-48.

Meier, John P. 2007. “Did the Historical Jesus Prohibit All Oaths? Part 1.” Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 5: 175-204.

Meier, John P. 2008. “Did the Historical Jesus Prohibit All Oaths? Part 2.” Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 6: 3-24.

Meier, John P. 2008. “The Historical Jesus and Oaths: A Response to Donald A. Hagner and Jonathan Klawans.” Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 6: 49-58.

Pahl, Michael W. 2006. “The ‘Gospel’ and the ‘Word’: Exploring Some Early Christian Patterns.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 29: 211-27.

Penner, Todd C. 2000. “Review of Martin Klein’s ‘Ein vollkommenes Werk’: Vollkommenheit, Gesetz und Gericht als theologische Themen des Jakobusbriefes.” Review of Biblical Literature.

Reis, David M. 2005. “Book Review: The Letter of James: Historical and Theological Essays.” Expository Times 116: 173.

Robbins, Vernon K. 1996. “Making Christian Culture in the Epistle of James.” Scriptura 59: 341-351.

Robbins, Vernon K. 2002. “A Comparison of Mishnah Gittin 1:1-2:2 and James 2:1-13 from a Perspective of Greco-Roman Rhetorical Elaboration.” In Jack N. Lightstone, Mishnah and the Social Formation of the Early Rabbinic Guild: A Socio-Rhetorical Approach. Studies in Christianity and Judaism 11. Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press for the Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion: 201-216.

Scott, J. Julius, Jr. 1979. “Non-Canonical References to James, the Relative of Jesus.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature. New York, NY.

Scott, J. Julius, Jr. 1982. “James the Relative of Jesus and the Expectation of an Eschatological Priest.” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 25: 323-331.

Scott, J. Julius, Jr. 1999. “Commas and the Christology of the Epistle of James.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society, Danvers, MA.

Spitaler, Peter. 2006. “Doubt or Dispute (Jude 9 and 22-23): Rereading a Special New Testament Meaning through the Lense of Internal Evidence.” Biblica 87: 201-222.

Spitaler, Peter. 2007. “Doubting in Acts 10:27?” Filología Neotestamentaria 20: 81-93.

Webb, Robert L., and John S. Kloppenborg, eds. 2007. Reading James with New Eyes: Methodological Reassessments of the Letter of James. Library of New Testament Studies 342. London: T&T Clark.

100 Titles on James Added

I just added nearly 100 new titles to the Recent James Scholarship page. About 40 of them are German titles and there’s also a handful of French titles. They’re in chronological order there, but I list the new titles below in alphabetical order. I basically tried to pick out the James titles from the recent bibliographies found in Niebuhr and Wall’s The Catholic Epistles & Apostolic Tradition and from Batten’s What Are They Saying About James? I was surprised that a lot of these weren’t already here. I know there’s still many more that I haven’t entered, but this is a good jump.

Adamson, J. B. 1993. The Epistle of James. 2d ed. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Adamson, J. B. 1989. James: The Man and His Message. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Avemarie, F. 2001. “Die Werke des Gesetzes im Spiegel des Jakobusbriefs: A Very Old Perspective on Paul.” Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche, 98: 282-309.

Baasland, E. 1988. “Literarische Form, Thematik und geschichtliche Einordnung des Jokobusbriefes.” Pages 3646-84 in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung 2.25.5. Ed. by W. Haase and H. Temporini. Berlin: de Gruyter.

Baker, W. R. 1995. Personal Speech-Ethics in the Epistle of James. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2.68. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Balz, H. 1993. “Der Brief des Jakobus.” Pages 1-59 in Balz and Schrage, Die “Katholischen” Briefe: Die Briefe des Jakobus, Petrus, Johannes und Judas. Das Neue Testament Deutsch 10. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Balz, H., and W. Schrage. 1993. Die “Katholischen” Briefe: Die Briefe des Jakobus, Petrus, Johannes und Judas. Das Neue Testament Deutsch 10. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1973; 4^th ed., 1993.

Batten, Alicia. 2004. “God in the Letter of James: Patron or Benefactor?” New Testament Studies, 50: 257-72.

Bede the Venerable. 1985. Commentary on the Seven Catholic Epistles. Translated by D. Hurst. Cistercian Studies 82. Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications.

Bernheim, Pierre Antoine. 1997. James, Brother of Jesus. Trans. by John Bowden. London: SCM Press.

Beyschlag, W. 1874. “Der Jakobusbrief als urchristliches Geschichtsdenkmal.” Theologische Studien und Kritiken, 48: 105-66.

Bockmuehl, M. 1999. “Antioch and James the Just.” Pages 155-98 in James the Just and Christian Origins. Ed. by B. Chilton and C. A Evans. Leiden: Brill.

Boyle, M. O’Rourke. 1985. “The Stoic Paradox of James 2:10.” New Testament Studies, 31: 611-17.

Brooks, J. A. 1969. “The Place of James in the New Testament Canon.” Scottish Journal of Theology, 12: 41-51.

Brosend II, William F. 2004. James and Jude. NCBC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brückner, W. 1874. “Zur Kritik des Jakobusbriefes.” Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Theologie, 17: 530-41.

Burchard, Christoph. 1990. “Nächstenliebegebot, Dekalog und Gesetz in Jak 2,8-11.” Pages 517-33 in Die Hebräische Bibel und ihre zweifache Nachgeschichte. Ed. by Erhard Blum, Christian Macholz, and Ekkehard W. Stegemann. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener.

Burchard, Christoph. 1991. “Zu einigen christologischen Stellen des Jakobusbriefes.” Pages 353-68 in Anfänge der Christologie. Ed. by Cilliers Breytenbach and Henning Paulsen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Carroll, K. L. 1961. “The Place of James in the Early Church.” Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 44: 49-67.

Catchpole, D. R. 1977. “Paul, James and Apostolic Decree.” New Testament Studies, 23: 428-44.

Chilton, B., and C. Evans. 1999. James the Just and Christian Origins. Leiden: Brill.

Chilton, B., and J. Neusner. 2001. The Brother of Jesus: James the Just and his Mission. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox.

Coker, R. Jason. 2007. “Nativism in James 2:14-26: A Post-Colonial Reading?” In Reading James with New Eyes. Methodological Reassessments of the Letter of James, ed. by Robert L. Webb and John S. Kloppenborg, 27-48. LNTS 342. London: T&T Clark.

Cooper, R. M. 1968. “Prayer: A Study in Matthew and James.” Encounter, 29: 268-77.

Dautzenberg, G. 1981. “Ist das Schwurverbot Mt 5,33-37; Jak 5,12 ein Beispiel für die Thorakritik Jesu?” Biblische Zeitschrift NF 25: 47-66.

Davids, Peter H. 1988. “The Epistle of James in Modern Discussion.” Pages 3621-45 in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung 2.25.5. Ed. by W. Haase and H. Temporini. Berlin: de Gruyter.

Davids, Peter H. 1985. “James and Jesus.” In The Jesus Tradition outside the Gospels. Ed. by David Wenham. Vol. 5 of Gospel Perspectives. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 63-84.

Dibelius, Martin. 1984. Der Brief des Jakobus: Mit Ergänzungen von H. Greeven, mit einem Literaturverzeichnis und Nachtrag hg. v. F. Hahn. Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testament 15. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1921. 12^th ed., 1984.

Dillman, C. N. 1978. “A Study of Some Theological and Literary Comparisons of the Gospel of Matthew and the Epistle of James.” Ph.D. diss., University of Edinburgh.

Elliott, John H. 1993. “The Epistle of James in Rhetorical and Social Scientific Perspective: Holiness-Wholeness and Patterns of Replication,” Biblical Theology Bulletin, 23:71-81.

Farmer, W. R. 1999. “James the Lord’s Brother, According to Paul.” In James the Just and Christian Origins. Ed. by B. Chilton and C. A Evans. Leiden: Brill, 133-53.

Feine, P. 1893. Der Jakobusbrief nach Lehranschauungen und Entstehungsverhältnissen. Eisenach: Wilckens.

Ferris, T. E. S. 1939. “The Epistle of James in Relation to I Peter.” Church Quarterly Review, 128: 303-8.

Frankemölle, Hubert. 1994. Der Brief des Jakobus. Ökumenischer Taschenbuch-Kommentar zum Neuen Testament, 17.2. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus.

Frankemölle, Hubert. 1990. “Das semantische Netz des Jakobusbriefes: Zur Einheit eines umstrittenen Briefes.” Biblische Zeitschrift, 34: 161-97.

Gammie, John J. 1990. “Paraenetic Literature: Toward the Morphology of a Secondary Genre.” Semeia, 50: 41-77.

Gowan, D. E. 1993. “Wisdom and Endurance in James.” Horizons in Biblical Theology, 15: 145-53.

Gryglewicz, F. 1961. “L’Épître de St. Jacques et l’Évangile de St. Matthieu.” Roczniki Teologiczno-Kanoniczne, 8:33-55.

Hahn, F., and P. Müller. 1998. “Der Jakobusbrief.” Theologische Rundschau, 63:1-73.

Halson, B.R. 1968. “The Epistle of James: ‘Christian Wisdom?’” Studia Evangelica 4 = Texte und Untersuchungen 102. Berlin: de Gruyter, 308-14.

Harner, Philip B. 2004. What Are They Saying About the Catholic Epistles? New York/Mahwah, NJ: Paulist.

Hartin, P. J. 1989. “James and the Q Sermon on the Mount/Plain.” In Society of Biblical Literature 1989 Seminar Papers. Ed. by David J. Lull. Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers, 28. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 440-57.

Hartin, P. J. 1996. “Who is Wise and Understanding Among You? (James 3:13): An Analysis of Wisdom, Eschatology and Apocalypticism in the Epistle of James.” In Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 483-503.

Hauck, F. 1926. Der Brief des Jakobus. Kommentar zum Neuen Testament, 16. Leipzig: Deichert.

Haupt, E. 1896. “F. Spitta, Der Brief des Jakobus.” Theologische Studien und Kritiken, 69: 747-68.

Heiligenthal, R. 1999. “‘Petrus und Jakobus, der Gerechte’: Gedanken zur Rolle der beiden Säulenapostel in der Geschichte des frühen Christentums.” Zeitschrift fürNeues Testament, 2: 32-40.

Hengel, M. 1987. “Der Jakobusbrief als antipaulinische Polemik.” In Tradition and Interpretation in the New Testament. Ed. by G. F. Hawthorne and O. Betz. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 248-78.

Hengel, M. 1985. “Jakobus der Herrenbruder – der erste ‘Papst’?” In Glaube und Eschatologie. Ed. by Erich Gräßer and Otto Merk. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 71-104.

Hengel, M. 2002. Paulus und Jakobus: Kleine Schriften, 3. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 141. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Hoppe, R. 2001. “Der Jakobusbrief als briefliches Zeugnis hellenistisch und hellenistisch-jüdisch geprägter Religiositä.” In Der neue Mensch in Christus. Ed. by J. Beutler. Quaestiones disputatae 190. Freiburg: Herder, 164-89.

Hoppe, R. 1977. Der theologische Hintergrund des Jakobusbriefes. Forschung zur Bibel 28. Würzburg: Echter-Verlag.

Huther, J. E. 1870. Kritisch exegetisches Handbuch über den Brief des Jacobus. Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testament 15. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1921. 3^rd ed., 1984.

Johnson, L. T. 1998. “The Letter of James.” In The New Interpreter’s Bible 12. Nashville: Abingdon, 117-225.

Kittel, G. 1942. “Der geschichtliche Ort des Jakobusbriefes.” Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche, 41: 71-105.

Kloppenborg, John S. 1998. “Status und Wohltägtigkeit bei Paulus und Jakobus.” In Von Jesus zum Christus. Christologischen Studien. Festgabe für Paul Hoffman zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. by R. Hoppe and U. Busse, 127-54. BZNW 93. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Konradt, M. 2003. “Der Jakobusbrief als Brief des Jakobus: Erwägungen zum historischen Kontext des Jakobusbriefes im Lichte der traditionsgeschichtlichen Beziehungen zum 1 Petr und zum Hintergrund der Autorfiktion.” Pages 16-53 in Der Jakobusbrief: Beiträge zur Aufwertung der “strohernen Epistel.” Ed. by P. von Gemünden, M. Konradt, and G. Theißen. Münster: Lit.

Konradt, M. 1999. “Theologie in der ‘strohernen Epistel’: Ein Literaturbericht zu neueren Ansätzen in der Exegese des Jakobusbriefes.” Verkündigung und Forschung, 44: 54-78.

Krodel, G. 1995. The General Letters: Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, Jude, 1-2-3 John. Minneapolis: Fortress.

Kuechler, C. G. 1818. De rhetorica epistolae Jacobi indole. Leipzig: Glueck.

Kürzdörfer, K. 1966. “Der Charakter des Jakobusbriefes: Eine Auseinandersetzung mit den Thesen von A. Meyer und M. Dibelius.” Ms. diss., Tübingen.

Limberis, Vasiliki. 1997. “The Provenance of the Caliphate Church: James 2:17-26 and Galatians 3 Reconsidered.” In Early Christian Interpretation of the Scriptures of Israel: Investigations and Proposals, ed. by Craig A. Evans and James A. Sanders, 397-420. JSNTSup 148. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

Lohse, E. 1957. “Glaube und Werke: Zur Theologie des Jakobusbriefes.” Zeitschrift für di neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche, 48: 1-22.

Luck, Ulrick. 1971. “Der Jakobusbrief und die Theologie des Paulus.” Theologie und Glaube 61: 161-79.

Ludwig, M. 1994. Wort als Gesetz: Eine Untersuchung zum Verständnis von “Wort” und “Gesetz” in israelitisch-frühjüdischen und neutestamentlichen Schriften: Gleichzeitig ein Beitrag zur Theologie des Jakobusbriefes. Europäische Hochschulschriften, 23, 502. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.

Marcus, Joel. 1982. “The Evil Inclination in the Epistle of James.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 44: 606-21.

Martin, G. C. 1907. “The Epistle of James as a Storehouse of the Sayings of Jesus.” Pages 174-84 in The Expositor. Ed. by Samuel Cox, William Robertson Nicoll, and James Moffatt. Seventh Series 3. London: Hodder & Stoughton.

Mayor, Joseph B. 1892. The Epistle of James: The Greek Text with Introduction, Notes and Comments. London: Macmillan, 1892. 2d ed., 1897. 3d ed., 1913. Repr., Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1990.

McKnight, S. 1999. “A Parting within the Way: Jesus and James on Israel and Purity.” Pages 83-129 in James the Just and Christian Origins. Ed. by Bruce D. Chilton and Craig A. Evans. Leiden: Brill.

Meyer, A. 1930. Das Rätsel des Jakobusbriefes. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für di neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 10. Gießen: Töpelmann.

Michl, J. 1968. Die katholischen Briefe. 2d ed. Regensburger Neues Testament 8.2. Regensburg: Pustet.

Mussner, Franz. 1964. Der Jakobusbrief: Auslegung. Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament, 13/1. Freiburg: Herder, 3d ed., 1975. 4^th ed., 1981. 5^th ed., 1987.

Niebuhr, K.-W. 2004. “A New Perspective on James? Neuere Forschungen zum Jakobusbrief.” Theologische Literaturzeitung, 129: 1019-1044.

Niebuhr, K.-W. 2000. Review of M. Konradt, Christliche Existenz nach dem Jakobusbrief. Theologische Literaturzeitung, 125: 756-59.

Niebuhr, K.-W. 1999. “Tora ohne Tempel: Paulus und der Jakobusbrief im Zusammenhang frühjüdischer Torarezeption für die Diaspora.” Pages 427-60 in Gemeinde ohne Tempel—Community without Temple: Zur Substituierung und Transformation des Jerusalemer Tempels und seines Kults im Alten Testament, antiken Judentum und frühen Christentum. Ed. by B. Ego, A. Lange, and P. Pilhofer. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 118. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Painter, J. 2006. “James as the First Catholic Epistle.” Interpretation, 60.3: 245-59.

Painter, J. 1999. Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition. Minneapolis: Fortress. 2d ed. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004.

Patry, R. 1899. L’Épitre de Jacques: dans ses rapports avec la prédication de Jésus. Alençon: Guy.

Popkes, W. 1986. Adressaten, Situation, und Form des Jakobusbriefes. Stuttgarter Bibelstudien 125/126. Stuttgart: Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk.

Popkes, W. 1994. “The Law of Liberty (James 1:25; 2:12).” Pages 131-42 in International Theological Studies: Contributions of Baptist Scholars 1. Ed. by the Faculty of Baptist Theological Seminary Rüschlikon. Bern: Peter Lang.

Popkes, W. 1996. Paränese und Neues Testament. Stuttgarter Bibelstudien 168. Stuttgart: Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk.

Porter, S. E. 1991. “Is δίψυχος (James 1,8; 4,8) a ‘Christian’ Word?” Biblica 71: 469-98.

Reese, James M. 1982. “The Exegete as Sage: Hearing the Message of James.” Biblical Theology Bulletin 12: 82-85.

Rose, V. 1896. “L’Épitre de saint Jacques est-elle un écrit chrétien?” Revue biblique, 5: 519-34.

Schlatter, A. 1932. Der Brief des Jakobus. Stuttgart: Calwer.

Seitz, O. J. F. 1944. “The Relationship of the Shepherd of Hermas to the Epistle of James.” Journal of Biblical Literature, 63: 131-40.

Spitta, F. 1896. Der Brief des Jakobus. Vol. 2 of Zur Geschichte und Litteratur des Urchristentums. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Syreeni, Kari. 2002. “James and the Pauline Legacy: Power Play in Corinth?” In Fair Play: Diversity and Conflicts in Early Christianity. Essays in Honour of Heikki Räisänen, ed. by Ismo Dunderberg, Christopher Tuckett and Kari Syreeni, 397-437. NovTSup 103. Leiden: Brill.

Theißen, G. 2003. “Nächstenliebe und Egalität: Jak 2,1-13 als Höhepunkt urchristlicher Ethik.” Pages 120-42 in Der Jakobusbrief. Beiträge zur Rehabilitierung der “strohernen Epistel.” Ed. by Petra von Gemünden, Matthias Konradt, and Gerd Theißen. Beiträge zum Verstehen der Bibel 3. Münster: Lit.

Tiller, Patrick A. 1998. “The Rich and Poor in James. An Apocalyptic Proclamation.” Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers 37: 909-20.

van der Westhuizen, J. D. N. 1991. “Stylistic Techniques and their Functions in James 2:14-26.” Neotestamentica 25: 89-107.

Vhymeister, Nancy. 1995. “The Rich Man in James 2: Does Ancient Patronage Illumine the Text?” Andrews University Seminary Studies 33: 265-83.

Ward, R. 1992. “James of Jerusalem in the First Two Centuries.” Pages 779-812 in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung 2.26.1. Ed. by W. Haase and H. Temporini. Berlin: de Gruyter.

Wifstrand, A. 1948. “Stylistic Problems in the Epistles of James and Peter.” Studia theologica 1: 170-82.

Wilson, Walter T. 2002. “Sin as Sex and Sex with Sin: The Anthropology of James 1:12-15.” Harvard Theological Review, 95:147-68.

Windisch, H. 1911. Die katholischen Briefe. Handbuch zum Neuen Testament 4.2. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2d ed., 1930.

Wolmarens, J. L. P. 1994. “Male and Female Sexual Imagery: James 1:14-15, 18.” Acta Patristica et Byzantina 5: 134-41.

Wuellner, W. H. 1978. “Der Jakobusbrief im Licht der Rhetorik und Textpragmatik.” Linguistica Biblica, 43: 5-66.